Core Patterns

[subject] i [verb] (a [object])
[subject] a [noun]
[subject] e [adjective]

Core Pronouns

Mini-ma	English
mi	I, me
tu	you
tu-ale	you all
si	he, she, it
mi-ale	we
mi-ota	we, excluding you
si-ale	they

Demonstratives

Form	Meaning
di	this, these
oda	that, those

Question Patterns

[declarative clause] ke?
ke-man i [verb phrase]
[subject] i [verb] a ke?
[subject] e en ke-loke?
[subject] i [verb] a ke mui [noun]?
ke mui [noun] e en [domain/location]?
[subject] i [verb] se [clause]

Standard Mini-ma Forms

Form	Function
plu	explicit plural
sa	explicit possession
ki	non-interrogative content-clause marker
se	if; embedded whether
da	contingent result marker
tamen	nevertheless, however
voka	vocative marker
tema	topic marker
ke?	sentence-final yes-no question
ke mui	how much, how many
ke-man	who
ke-loke	where
ke-tempo	when
ke-rason	why
ke-modo	how

Reflexive Forms

Mini-ma	English
mi-ego	myself
tu-ego	yourself
tu-ale-ego	yourselves
si-ego	himself, herself, itself
mi-ale-ego	ourselves
si-ale-ego	themselves
muto	each other

New Standard Vocabulary

Form	Meaning
tenu	light in weight, lightweight
proba	likely, probable
vira	become, turn into

Comparison and Negative Indefinites

Form	Meaning
ma-ale	most, -est
meno-ale	least
nulo-man	nobody
nulo-loke	nowhere
nulo-tempo	never
nulo-modo	in no way
nulo-kosa	nothing

Helper Order

[subject] i [no] [de/go] [en/ave] [kan/vole/debe/proba] [main verb]

de, en, and go are helpers only in this preverbal slot. After the main verb, or after a or e, they are relation words.

Noun Phrase Order

[(demonstrative)] [(number/quantifier/plural)] [(other modifiers)] [head noun] [(ki relative clause)]

With sa, the possessor stays contiguous and directly before the head noun: mi-sa buku, plu kinde-sa sekola.

Keep ki relatives narrow: use one omitted core argument inside the clause. If a relative meaning would need a more elaborate pattern, paraphrase it instead.

Imperatives

i [verb] (a [object])
favo i [verb] (a [object])

Conditionals

se [condition], [subject] i go [verb]
se [condition], [subject] i da [verb]

Number Building

[digit]-ten
[digit]-sento
[digit]-kilo
uno-loke
duo-loke
san-loke

Resultative, Vocative, and Topic

[subject] i vira a [noun]
[subject] i vira e [adjective]
voka [address NP], [clause]
tema [topic NP], [full clause]

Passive Clause

[patient] i de-i [verb] (de [agent])

Core Relation Words

Form	Meaning
de	from, of, by
en	in, at, on
go	to, toward
kon	with
sama	like, same, as